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Individuals within these populations often share certain associated phenotypic traits, such as epicanthic folds, sino- or sundadonty, shovel-shaped incisors and neoteny. Epicanthic folds and oblique palpebral fissures are common among Mongoloid individuals. Most exhibit the Mongolian spot from birth to about age four years. The concept continues to be in use as a rough categorization of ethnic or racial origin, even though its use even as such in forensic anthropology has been criticized as too vague as the term covers a very large and diverse group of phenotypes. The term Mongoloid has had a second usage referencing Down syndrome, now generally avoided as highly offensive.

According to historical race concepts, Mongoloid peoples are the most spread out among all human populations since they have stretched almost completely around the earth’s surface. In 1856, the “Mongolian” race, using a narrow definition which did not include either the “Malay” or the “American” races, was the second most populous race in the world behind the Caucasian race. The first use of the term Mongolian race was by Christoph Meiners in 1785, who divided humanity into two races he labeled “Tartar-Caucasians” and “Mongolians”. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach said that he borrowed the term Mongolian from Christoph Meiners to describe the race he designated “second, includes that part of Asia beyond the Ganges and below the river Amoor, which looks toward the south, together with the islands and the greater part of these countries which is now called Australian”. In 1909, a map published based on racial classifications conceived by Herbert Hope Risley classified inhabitants of Bengal and parts of Odisha as Mongolo-Dravidians, people of mixed Mongoloid and Dravidian origin. In 1940, anthropologist Franz Boas included the American race as part of the Mongoloid race of which he mentioned the Aztecs of Mexico and the Maya of Yucatán. In 1981, Elizabeth Smithgall Watts who taught anthropology at Tulane University said that the question of American Indians being a separate race from “Asiatic Mongoloids” is a question of how much genetic difference a population needs from another population to be considered a “major race”.

Futuyma, professor of evolutionary processes at the University of Michigan, said that the inclusion of Native Americans and Pacific Islanders under the Mongoloid race was not recognized by many anthropologists who consider them distinct races. Finns were previously considered by some scholars to be partly Mongoloid, dating to claims by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach. Distribution of the races after the Pleistocene according to Carleton S. In 1900, Joseph Deniker said the “Mongol race admits two varieties or subraces: Tunguse or Northern Mongolian and Southern Mongolian”. Archaeologist Peter Bellwood claims that the vast majority of people in Southeast Asia, the region he calls the “clinal Mongoloid-Australoid zone”, are Southern Mongoloids but have a high degree of Australoid admixture. International Research Center for Japanese Studies, Kyoto, said that there are Neo-Mongoloids and Paleo-Mongoloids. Akazawa said Neo-Mongoloids have “extreme Mongoloid, cold-adapted features” and they include the Chinese, Buryats, Eskimo and Chukchi.

Human skeletal remains in Southeast Asia show the gradual replacement of the indigenous Australo-Melanesians by Southern Mongoloids from Southern China. Blumenbach included East and Southeast Asians, but not Native Americans or Malays, who were each assigned separate categories. In 1876, Oscar Peschel said that Native Americans were Mongoloids, and Peschel said that the Mongoloid features of Native Americans was evidence that Native Americans populated the Americas from Asia by way of the Bering Strait. In 1926, Aleš Hrdlička went on a journey that focused on “anthropological and archaeological matters” wherein Hrdlička traveled to the Bering Sea and places in Alaska.

In 1964, archaeologist Kwang-chih Chang said that it seemed like the Mongoloid race originated in South China, and he said that it seemed like the Mongoloid race was differentiating itself from other races in the Late Pleistocene. In 1972, physical anthropologist Carleton S. Coon said, “From a hyborean group there evolved, in northern Asia, the ancestral strain of the entire specialized Mongoloid family”. In 1962, Coon believed that the Mongoloid “subspecies” existed “during most of the Pleistocene, from 500,000 to 10,000 years ago”. Department of Anthropology at the University of Delhi suggested in a review of an article referencing Mourant 1983 that “The Caucasoids and the Mongoloid almost certainly became differentiated from one another somewhere in Asia” and that “Another differentiation, which probably took place in Asia, is that of the Australoids, perhaps from a common type before the separation of the Mongoloids”. Paleo-anthropologist Milford Wolpoff and Rachel Caspari characterize “his contention that the Mongoloid race crossed the ‘sapiens threshold’ first and thereby evolved the furthest”. Futuyma, professor of evolutionary processes at the University of Michigan, said the Mongoloid race “diverged 41,000 years ago” from a Mongoloid and Caucasoid group which diverged from Negroids “110,000 years ago”.